Purchasing a used excavator can be a savvy investment, offering significant cost savings over new machinery. However, it also comes with its own set of risks and considerations. A thorough inspection and understanding of the machine's history and condition are crucial to making a wise purchase. Here's a detailed guide on the 20 essential things you need to look for when buying a used excavator.
1. Machine History
The first step is to gather as much information as possible about the excavator's history. This includes previous ownership, maintenance records, and any past accidents or significant repairs. A well-documented history indicates proper care and maintenance, which can prolong the machine's lifespan and reliability. Ask for documentation that shows consistent maintenance, such as oil changes, hydraulic system checks, and regular servicing. Understanding how the machine was used—whether in construction, mining, or agriculture—can also provide insights into the kind of wear and tear it might have experienced.
2. Hour Meter Reading
Check the hour meter to see how many hours the excavator has been used. Generally, the lower the hours, the less wear and tear the machine has experienced. However, it’s important to verify that the hour meter hasn’t been tampered with. Tampering with hour meters is not uncommon, so look for signs of alteration, such as mismatched screws or suspiciously new components around the meter. Comparing the wear and tear of the machine to the hour reading can also give you a clue if the meter is accurate. For instance, a machine with low hours should not have excessive wear on high-contact areas like the control pedals and joysticks.
3. Engine Condition
The engine is the heart of any excavator. Start the engine and listen for any unusual noises such as knocking or excessive smoking, which could indicate internal issues. Check for leaks, oil levels, and the condition of the oil itself. A well-maintained engine should start easily and run smoothly. Look for oil leaks around the engine block and gaskets. Examine the exhaust for color—blue or white smoke can indicate oil burning or coolant issues, respectively, while black smoke can suggest fuel problems. Additionally, check the air filter and intake system for signs of neglect, which can affect the engine's performance and longevity.
4. Hydraulic System
Inspect the hydraulic system for any signs of leaks or damage. Pay attention to the hydraulic pump, cylinders, and hoses. Properly functioning hydraulics are essential for the excavator’s performance, as they power the arm, boom, and bucket movements. Look for hydraulic oil leaks around fittings and hoses. Test the hydraulic system by operating the boom, arm, and bucket through their full range of motion, checking for smooth and responsive movements. Listen for any unusual noises, such as whining or grinding, which could indicate pump or motor issues.
5. Undercarriage
The undercarriage, including the tracks, rollers, and idlers, takes a significant amount of wear and tear. Inspect these components for excessive wear, damage, or uneven wear patterns. Replacing undercarriage components can be costly, so it’s crucial to assess their condition accurately. Check the track tension and adjusters for proper function. Look at the sprockets and track links for signs of wear, which can indicate a need for future replacement. Uneven wear on the tracks can suggest alignment issues, which might require further investigation and potential repairs.
6. Boom, Stick, and Bucket
Examine the boom, stick, and bucket for any cracks, dents, or signs of welding repairs. These components are subjected to heavy stress and need to be in good condition to ensure safe and efficient operation. Check for excessive play in the joints, which could indicate worn-out bushings or pins. Pay special attention to the connection points and pivot areas for signs of wear or previous repairs. Use a flashlight to inspect inside the bucket for signs of structural weaknesses, such as hairline cracks or stress fractures.
7. Swing System
Test the swing system by rotating the cab 360 degrees. Listen for any abnormal noises and check for smooth operation. Any grinding or resistance could indicate issues with the swing motor or bearings, which can be expensive to repair. Also, check for excessive play in the swing bearing by using a dial indicator to measure movement. Excessive movement can indicate worn bearings, which are costly to replace. Verify that the swing brake is functioning correctly by engaging it and ensuring the cab remains stable without drifting.
8. Cab Condition
The cab should be inspected for overall condition and comfort. Check the seats, controls, and instrumentation for functionality and wear. A well-maintained cab can improve operator comfort and productivity. Inspect the seat for proper adjustment and cushioning, ensuring it provides adequate support during long hours of operation. Test all control functions, including joysticks, pedals, and switches, to ensure they respond correctly. Look at the cab windows and doors for proper sealing and visibility, as well as any signs of rust or damage that could affect structural integrity.
9. Electrical System
Test all electrical components, including lights, horn, wipers, and display panels. Electrical issues can be challenging to diagnose and repair, so ensure everything is functioning correctly. Pay attention to the condition of wiring and connectors, looking for signs of corrosion or damage. Check the battery and charging system, including the alternator, to ensure they are in good working order. Verify that the machine’s diagnostic systems, if equipped, are operational and can provide accurate information about the excavator's status and any potential issues.
10. Fluid Levels and Quality
Check all fluid levels, including engine oil, hydraulic fluid, coolant, and transmission fluid. Inspect the quality of these fluids for any signs of contamination or degradation, which could indicate underlying problems. Dark or dirty fluids can suggest overdue maintenance or internal component wear. Look for metallic particles in the oil, which can indicate internal engine damage. Coolant should be free of rust or sediment, and hydraulic fluid should be clear and free of bubbles, which can indicate air in the system.
11. Cooling System
The cooling system is crucial for preventing the engine from overheating. Inspect the radiator, coolant hoses, and water pump for leaks or damage. Ensure the coolant level is adequate and the fluid is free from contaminants. Check the radiator fins for damage or clogging, which can reduce cooling efficiency. Test the thermostat and cooling fan to ensure they are functioning correctly. A well-maintained cooling system is essential for preventing costly engine overheating issues.
12. Attachments Compatibility
If you plan to use various attachments, ensure the excavator is compatible with them. Check the hydraulic couplers and attachment mounting points for wear and compatibility with your existing or planned equipment. Test the quick coupler system, if equipped, to ensure it operates smoothly and securely holds attachments. Verify that the hydraulic flow rates and pressures meet the requirements for the attachments you intend to use. Compatibility issues can limit the versatility and efficiency of the excavator, so it’s essential to address them before purchasing.
13. Track Tension and Alignment
Proper track tension and alignment are essential for efficient operation and reducing wear. Inspect the tracks for correct tension and check for any signs of misalignment, which could lead to uneven wear and potential derailment. Adjust the track tension according to the manufacturer's specifications and test for smooth operation. Look for signs of uneven wear on the track shoes, which can indicate alignment issues. Check the condition of the track tensioning system, including the recoil spring and adjusters, to ensure they are functioning correctly.
14. Frame and Chassis
Inspect the frame and chassis for any signs of damage, cracks, or welding repairs. A compromised frame can affect the machine’s structural integrity and overall safety. Look for signs of rust or corrosion, especially in areas that are frequently exposed to moisture or harsh conditions. Check for any signs of bending or warping, which can indicate previous accidents or heavy usage. Verify that all mounting points and brackets are secure and free from damage. A thorough inspection of the frame and chassis is essential for ensuring the excavator's long-term durability and safety.
15. Wear and Tear on Moving Parts
Look for signs of excessive wear on moving parts such as pins, bushings, and joints. Excessive play or looseness in these components can affect the machine's performance and may require costly repairs. Use a pry bar to check for movement in the joints and pivot points. Inspect the condition of the pins and bushings, looking for signs of wear or elongation. Check the lubrication points to ensure they are properly greased and free from contaminants. Regular maintenance of these moving parts is crucial for preventing premature wear and ensuring smooth operation.
16. Operational Test
If possible, conduct an operational test to assess the excavator’s performance. Operate all functions, including digging, lifting, and swinging, to ensure everything works smoothly and without abnormal noises or resistance. Test the machine’s stability on various terrains and slopes to evaluate its performance under different conditions. Pay attention to the responsiveness of the controls and the smoothness of the hydraulic movements. An operational test can reveal hidden issues that might not be apparent during a static inspection.
17. Tires (if applicable)
For wheeled excavators, inspect the tires for tread wear, cuts, or other damage. Uneven tire wear can indicate alignment issues or other mechanical problems. Check the tire pressure and adjust according to the manufacturer's specifications. Look for signs of dry rot or cracking, which can indicate that the tires are nearing the end of their lifespan. Inspect the rims and wheel hubs for damage or signs of wear. Properly maintained tires are essential for ensuring safe and efficient operation.
18. Signs of Abuse or Neglect
Look for signs of abuse or neglect, such as excessive rust, poor maintenance, or significant damage. These signs can indicate a machine that has not been properly cared for, potentially leading to more frequent breakdowns and repairs.
19. Service and Maintenance Records
Review the service and maintenance records provided by the seller. Regular maintenance is crucial for the longevity of an excavator. Well-documented records can give you confidence in the machine’s condition and help you anticipate future maintenance needs.
20. Professional Inspection
Finally, consider hiring a professional inspector to evaluate the excavator. A qualified mechanic or equipment inspector can provide an unbiased assessment and identify any hidden issues that may not be apparent during a casual inspection.
Buying a used excavator requires careful consideration and a thorough inspection process. By paying attention to these 20 critical factors, you can make an informed decision and ensure that you’re investing in a reliable and efficient machine. Remember, the goal is to find a used excavator that meets your operational needs without compromising on safety or performance.
For those in the market for high-quality used excavator parts, consider Vikfin as your go-to source. With a wide range of OEM used parts, Vikfin ensures you can maintain and repair your excavator cost-effectively, minimizing downtime and maximizing productivity.
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